Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA, wangzha@mail.nih.gov. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA. Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Institute of Population Health Sciences. Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan. Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China. Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan. Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China. National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan. Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Department of Preventive Medicine. Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA. Cancer Genome Biology Group, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Barcelona, Spain. Department of Medical Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan. Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan. Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Division of Thoracic Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, Sayama, Japan. Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics. Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Japan. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, China, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China. Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, College of Medical Science and Technology. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College. Department of Oncology, Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation Staff-Worker Hospital, Wuhan, China. Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. Lung Cancer Center. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. Cancer Research Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Lung and Esophageal Cancer Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine. Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea. Jeonnam Regional Cancer Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-eup, Republic of Korea, Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine. Department of Clinical Oncology, LKS Faculty of Medicine. Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genomic Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine. School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine. Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine. Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, China. Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Medical Research Center and Cancer Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China. Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. Qujing Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Sanjiangdadao, Qujing, China. Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. Westat, Rockville, MD, USA. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan and. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.